Izidingo eziyisisekelo zamapulasitiki ezokwelapha ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, ngoba zizohlangana nezidakamizwa noma umzimba womuntu.Izingxenye zezinto zepulasitiki azikwazi ukungena emuthini owuketshezi noma emzimbeni womuntu, ngeke zibangele ubuthi nokulimala kwezicubu nezitho zomzimba, futhi azinabuthi futhi azinangozi emzimbeni womuntu.Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwebhayoloji kwamapulasitiki ezokwelapha, amapulasitiki ezokwelapha avame ukuthengiswa emakethe adlulise isitifiketi nokuhlolwa kweziphathimandla zezokwelapha, futhi abasebenzisi baziswa ngokucacile ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezisezingeni lezokwelapha.
Izinto zepulasitiki zezokwelapha ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), i-polyamide (PA), i-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i-polycarbonate (i-PC), i-polystyrene (PS), i-polyetheretherketone (PEEK), njll. I-akhawunti ye-PVC ne-PE ngenani elikhulu kunawo wonke, ibalwa ku-28% no-24% ngokulandelana;I-PS ibalelwa ku-18%;I-PP yenza i-16%;amapulasitiki obunjiniyela enza i-14%.
Okulandelayo kwethula amapulasitiki avame ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni.
1. I-polyethylene (PE, i-Polyethylene)
Izici: Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali okuphezulu, i-biocompatibility enhle, kodwa akulula ukubopha.
I-PE iyipulastiki yenjongo evamile enomphumela omkhulu kakhulu.Inezinzuzo zokusebenza okuhle kokucubungula, izindleko eziphansi, ezingenabuthi futhi ezingenakunambitheka, kanye nokuvumelana okuhle kwe-biocompatibility.
I-PE ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa i-polyethylene ephansi (i-LDPE), i-polyethylene ephezulu kakhulu (i-HDPE) kanye ne-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) nezinye izinhlobo.I-UHMWPE (i-ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene) iyipulasitiki yobunjiniyela ekhethekile enokumelana nomthelela omkhulu, ukumelana nokugqoka okuqinile (umqhele wamapulasitiki), i-coefficient encane yokungqubuzana, ukungabi namandla kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezici ezinhle zokumunca amandla.Ukumelana kwayo namakhemikhali kungafaniswa ne-Comparable to PTFE.
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa amandla aphezulu emishini, i-ductility kanye nendawo yokuncibilika.I-Density polyethylene inephuzu lokuncibilika lika-1200°C kuya ku-1800°C, kuyilapho i-polyethylene ephansi kakhulu inephuzu lokuncibilika lika-1200°C kuya ku-1800°C.I-Polyethylene iyipulasitiki ephezulu yezinga lezokwelapha ngenxa yezindleko zayo, ukumelana nomthelela, ukumelana nokugqwala, nobuqotho obuqinile besakhiwo ngemijikelezo yokuvala inzalo kaningi.Ngenxa yokungabi nalutho kwebhayoloji nokungonakali emzimbeni
Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE): Ukupakishwa kwezokwelapha neziqukathi ze-IV.
I-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) isebenzisa: i-urethra yokwenziwa, iphaphu lokwenziwa, i-trachea yokwenziwa, i-larynx yokwenziwa, izinso zokwenziwa, ithambo lokwenziwa, izinto zokulungisa amathambo.
I-Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) Ukusetshenziswa: amaphaphu okwenziwa, amalunga okwenziwa, njll.
2. I-Polyvinyl chloride (i-PVC, i-Polyvinyl chloride)
Izici: izindleko eziphansi, ububanzi bohlelo lokusebenza, ukucutshungulwa okulula, ukumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali, kodwa ukuqina okushisayo okushisayo.
I-PVC resin powder iyimpushana emhlophe noma ephuzi ekhanyayo, i-PVC ehlanzekile i-atactic, iqinile futhi i-brittle, ayivamile ukusetshenziswa.Ngokwezinjongo ezihlukene, izithasiselo ezahlukene zingangezwa ukwenza izingxenye zepulasitiki ze-PVC zibonise izakhiwo ezihlukene zomzimba nezomshini.Ukwengeza inani elifanele le-plasticizer kunhlaka ye-PVC kungenza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene eqinile, ethambile futhi esobala.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile ze-PVC ezisetshenziswa ekwenzeni amapulasitiki ezokwelapha yi-PVC eguquguqukayo kanye ne-PVC eqinile.I-PVC eqinile ayiqukethe noma ayiqukethe inani elincane le-plasticizer, inokuqina okuhle, ukugoba, ukucindezela kanye nezindawo zokumelana nomthelela, futhi ingasetshenziswa njengempahla yesakhiwo yodwa.I-PVC ethambile iqukethe ama-plasticizer amaningi, ukuthamba kwayo, ubude bayo ngesikhathi sekhefu, nokumelana nokubanda kuyanda, kodwa ukuqina kwayo, ukuqina, namandla aqinile ayancipha.Ukuminyana kwe-PVC emsulwa ngu-1.4g/cm3, kanti ukuminyana kwezingxenye zepulasitiki ze-PVC ezinama-plasticizer nama-filler ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-1.15 ~ 2.00g/cm3.
Ngokwezilinganiso ezingaphelele, cishe ama-25% emikhiqizo yepulasitiki yezokwelapha i-PVC.Ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi ze-resin, ububanzi bezinhlelo zokusebenza, nokucubungula kalula.Imikhiqizo ye-PVC yezicelo zezokwelapha ihlanganisa: ishubhu ye-hemodialysis, imaski yokuphefumula, amashubhu oksijini, ama-catheter enhliziyo, izinto zokwenziwa, izikhwama zegazi, i-peritoneum yokwenziwa, njll.
3. I-Polypropylene (PP, i-polypropylene)
Izici: ezingezona ezinobuthi, ezingenakunambitheka, izakhiwo ezinhle zemishini, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali nokumelana nokushisa.Ukufakwa kahle kwamanzi, ukumuncwa kwamanzi aphansi, ukumelana okuhle kwe-solvent, ukumelana nowoyela, ukumelana ne-asidi ebuthakathaka, ukumelana okubuthakathaka kwe-alkali, ukubumba okuhle, akukho nkinga yokuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kwemvelo.I-PP iyi-thermoplastic esebenza kahle kakhulu.Inezinzuzo zamandla adonsela phansi amancane athile (0.9g/cm3), ukucubungula kalula, ukumelana nomthelela, ukumelana nokuguquguquka, nendawo yokuncibilika ephezulu (cishe i-1710C).Inenhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza empilweni yansuku zonke, izinga lokuncipha lokubumba i-pp likhulu, futhi ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo ewugqinsi kujwayele ukuba namaphutha.Ingaphezulu liyi-inert futhi kunzima ukuliphrinta nokubopha.Ingakhishwa, ibunjwe ngomjovo, ishiselwe, ifakwe amagwebu, i-thermoform, yenziwe ngomshini.
I-Medical PP inokucaca okuphezulu, isithiyo esihle kanye nokumelana nemisebe, okuyenza isetshenziswe kabanzi kumishini yezokwelapha nezimboni zokupakisha.Izinto ezingezona ze-PVC ezine-PP njengomzimba oyinhloko zithatha indawo yezinto ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ze-PVC okwamanje.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: amasirinji alahlwayo, izixhumi, izembozo zepulasitiki ezikhanyelayo, utshani, ukupakishwa kokudla okunomsoco, amafilimu e-dialysis.
Ezinye izimboni zihlanganisa izikhwama ezilukiweyo, amafilimu, amabhokisi entengo, izinto zokuvikela izintambo, amathoyizi, obhampa bezimoto, imicu, imishini yokuwasha, njll.
4. I-Polystyrene (PS, Polystyrene) ne-Kresin
Izici: izindleko eziphansi, ukuminyana okuphansi, obala, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional, ukumelana nemisebe (inzalo).
I-PS iyinhlobonhlobo yepulasitiki yesibili ngemuva kwe-polyvinyl chloride ne-polyethylene.Ivamise ukucutshungulwa futhi isetshenziswe njengepulasitiki yengxenye eyodwa.Izici zayo eziyinhloko isisindo esilula, ukukhanya, ukudaya okulula, nokusebenza okuhle kokubumba.Izingxenye zikagesi, amathuluzi okukhanya nezinto zamasiko nezemfundo.Ukuthungwa kuqinile futhi ku-brittle, futhi kune-coefficient ephezulu yokunwetshwa kwe-thermal, ngaleyo ndlela kukhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubunjiniyela.Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, i-polystyrene eguquliwe kanye ne-styrene-based copolymers iye yathuthukiswa ukunqoba ukushiyeka kwe-polystyrene ngezinga elithile.I-K resin ingenye yazo.
I-Kresin yenziwa yi-copolymerization ye-styrene ne-butadiene.Kuyi-polymer e-amorphous, esobala, engenaphunga, engenabuthi, enokuminyana okungaba ngu-1.01g/cm3 (ngaphansi kwe-PS ne-AS), kanye nokumelana nomthelela ophezulu kune-PS., ukukhanya (80-90%) kuhle, izinga lokushisa lokuhlanekezela ukushisa lingu-77 ℃, ingakanani i-butadiene equkethwe ku-K impahla, futhi ubulukhuni bayo buhlukile, ngoba impahla ye-K ine-fluidity enhle kanye nebanga lokushisa elibanzi lokucubungula, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kwayo Okuhle kokucubungula.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Crystalline Polystyrene: I-laboratoryware, izitsha ze-petri nezithishu, izinto zokuphefumula nezimbiza zokumunca.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Polystyrene Okuphezulu Okunomthelela: Amathreyi e-catheter, amaphampu enhliziyo, amathreyi asedural, okokusebenza kokuphefumula, nezinkomishi zokumunca.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kuhlanganisa izinkomishi, izivalo, amabhodlela, ukupakishwa kwezimonyo, ama-hangers, amathoyizi, imikhiqizo ethatha indawo ye-PVC, ukupakisha ukudla kanye nempahla yokupakisha yezokwelapha, njll.
5. Ama-Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (ABS, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymers)
Izici: Iqinile, inamandla okumelana nomthelela, ukumelana nokuklwejwa, ukuzinza kohlangothi, njll., ivikela umswakama, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukucutshungulwa kalula, nokudluliswa kokukhanya okuhle.Uhlelo lwezokwelapha lwe-ABS lusetshenziswa kakhulu njengamathuluzi okuhlinza, iziqeshana zamarola, izinaliti zepulasitiki, amabhokisi amathuluzi, izinto zokuxilonga kanye nezindlu zokusiza ukuzwa, ikakhulukazi izindlu zemishini ethile emikhulu yezokwelapha.
6. I-Polycarbonate (i-PC, i-Polycarbonate)
Izici: Ukuqina okuhle, amandla, ukuqina kanye nokuvimbela isitimu ukumelana nokushisa, ukukhanya okuphezulu.Ifanele ukubunjwa komjovo, i-welding nezinye izinqubo zokubumba, ezithambekele ekuqhekekeni kwengcindezi.
Lezi zici zenza i-PC ikhethwe njengezihlungi ze-hemodialysis, izibambo zamathuluzi okuhlinza kanye namathangi e-oxygen (uma kuhlinzwa inhliziyo yokuhlinzwa, le nsimbi ingasusa i-carbon dioxide egazini futhi yandise umoya-mpilo);
Izinhlelo zezokwelapha zama-PC futhi zihlanganisa amasistimu womjovo ongenazinaliti, amathuluzi okufaka amanzi, izindlu ezihlukahlukene, izixhumi, izibambo zamathuluzi okuhlinza, amathangi omoya-mpilo, izitsha ze-centrifuge yegazi, namapiston.Isebenzisa ukubonakala kwayo okuphezulu, izibuko ezijwayelekile ze-myopia zenziwe nge-PC.
7. I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Izici: i-crystallinity ephezulu, ukumelana nokushisa okuhle, ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali aphezulu, i-asidi eqinile ne-alkali kanye ne-solvents ehlukahlukene ephilayo ayithinteki kuyo.Inokuvumelana okuhle kwe-biocompatibility kanye nokuvumelana nezimo zegazi, akukho monakalo ku-physiology yomuntu, akukho ukusabela okubi lapho ifakwe emzimbeni, ingavalwa inzalo ekushiseni okuphezulu, futhi ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha.
I-PTFE resin iyimpushana emhlophe ebukeka njenge-waxy, ibushelelezi futhi ayinamatheli, futhi iyipulasitiki ebaluleke kakhulu.I-PTFE inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu, okungenakuqhathaniswa ne-thermoplastics evamile, ngakho-ke yaziwa ngokuthi "Inkosi Yepulasitiki".Ngenxa yokuthi i-coefficient yayo yokungqubuzana iphansi kakhulu phakathi kwamapulasitiki futhi inokuvumelana okuhle kwe-biocompatibility, ingenziwa ibe imithambo yegazi yokwenziwa kanye nezinye izinto ezifakwe ngqo emzimbeni womuntu.
Ukusetshenziswa: Zonke izinhlobo ze-trachea yokwenziwa, umminzo, i-bile duct, urethra, i-peritoneum yokufakelwa, i-brain dura mater, isikhumba sokwenziwa, ithambo lokwenziwa, njll.
8. I-Polyether ether ketone (PEEK, Polyether ether ketones)
Izici: ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukumelana nemisebe, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana ne-hydrolysis, isisindo esilula, ukuzigcoba okuhle, nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula.Ingamelana ne-autoclaving ephindaphindiwe.
Isebenzisa: Ingashintsha izinsimbi kumathuluzi okuhlinzwa namazinyo, futhi ithathe indawo yama-alloys e-titanium ekwenzeni amathambo okwenziwa.
(Amathuluzi ensimbi angase abangele ama-artifact esithombe noma athinte indawo yokubuka kadokotela yokuhlinzwa phakathi nokuhlinzwa komtholampilo okuhlasela kancane. I-PEEK iqine njengensimbi engagqwali, kodwa ngeke ikhiqize ama-artifact.)
9. I-Polyamide (PA Polyamide) eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi inayiloni, (inayiloni)
Izici: Iyakwazi ukuguquguquka, ukumelana nokugoba, ukuqina okuphezulu futhi akulula ukuphuka, ukumelana nethebhulethi yamakhemikhali kanye nokumelana nokuhuzuka.Ayikhiphi izinto eziyingozi futhi ngenxa yalokho ayibangeli ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba noma kwezicubu.
Ukusetshenziswa: Amapayipi, Izixhumi, Ama-adaptha, ama-Pistons.
10. I-Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)
Izici: Inokucaca okuhle, amandla aphezulu nokusebenza kwezinyembezi, ukumelana namakhemikhali nokumelana nokuhuzuka;ububanzi obubanzi bobulukhuni, ubuso obushelelezi, i-anti-fungal kanye ne-microorganism, nokumelana okuphezulu kwamanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa: ama-catheter ezokwelapha, izifihla-buso zomoya-mpilo, izinhliziyo zokwenziwa, okokusebenza okukhulula izidakamizwa, izixhumi ze-IV, izikhwama zenjoloba zokuqapha umfutho wegazi, izindwangu zamanxeba zokulawulwa ngaphandle kwesikhumba.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-09-2023